Analyzer Definition Nephrotic Syndrome is a condition when the kidneys leak large amounts of protein into the urine. This happens because of damage to the kidney’s glomeruli, which are responsible for filtering blood. Pathophysiology Glomerular Damage:- The glomeruli are responsible for filtering blood, and retaining essential proteins while allowing waste and excess fluids to pass into … Read more
Definition Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy(increased size of cells), also known as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (increased number of cells), is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized gland in males that surrounds the urethra and plays a role in producing seminal fluid. As men age, the prostate may grow larger, leading … Read more
1. Introduction to Dialysis Dialysis is a life-saving treatment that mimics the function of the kidneys in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or acute kidney injury (AKI). It involves the removal of waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys can no longer perform these functions effectively. Indications for Dialysis … Read more
Introduction An Internal Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) is a surgical connection between an artery and a vein, usually in the arm, to help with dialysis. It’s commonly used in patients with kidney failure because it allows for better blood flow during dialysis and lasts longer than other options. Creation of AV Fistula Surgical Procedure:- An arteriovenous (AV) … Read more
Definition Goiter is a condition where the thyroid gland, located in the neck, becomes enlarged. The thyroid gland is crucial for regulating metabolism, producing hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control how the body uses energy. When the thyroid gland swells, it can lead to noticeable swelling in the neck. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology … Read more
Definition Hyperpituitarism is a condition where the pituitary gland produces too many hormones. The pituitary gland is often called the “master gland. It controls various other glands in the body by releasing hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions. When this gland produces excess hormones, it can lead to various health issues. Pathophysiology The … Read more
Definition Thyroiditis refers to a group of disorders that cause inflammation of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped organ located at the base of the neck, which produces hormones regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall bodily functions. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of thyroiditis involves the inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can … Read more
Definition Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that most often affects young children. It develops from immature nerve cells, called neuroblasts, found in several areas of the body, but it most commonly starts in the adrenal glands above the kidneys. It can also develop in nerve tissues along the spine, chest, abdomen, or pelvis. Pathophysiology … Read more
Definition Conn’s Syndrome, also known as Primary Hyperaldosteronism, is a condition where the adrenal glands make too much aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that helps control the balance of sodium and potassium in our body. When there is too much aldosterone, it leads to high blood pressure and low potassium levels. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of … Read more
Definition Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder in which the pituitary gland fails to produce one or more of its hormones or doesn’t produce enough of them. The pituitary gland, often called the “master gland,” regulates various body functions through the hormones it releases. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of hypopituitarism involves damage to the pituitary gland or … Read more