Analyzer Definition Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is a condition where the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH), even when it’s not needed. ADH, also known as vasopressin, helps the kidneys manage water balance. Too much ADH causes the body to hold water, leading to low sodium levels in the blood and concentrated urine. … Read more
Definition Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare condition where the kidneys are unable to conserve water, leading to excessive urination and intense thirst. Unlike diabetes mellitus, it is not related to blood sugar levels but involves a hormone called vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) which helps the kidneys manage the amount of water in the body. … Read more
Introduction Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome (HHNS) are two serious complications of diabetes. Both conditions are characterized by high blood sugar levels, but they have different underlying mechanisms, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Understanding these conditions is crucial for managing and preventing severe outcomes in diabetic patients. Definition of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diabetic … Read more
Introduction Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that forms in the adrenal glands. These glands on top of the kidneys produce hormones, including adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones help control your body’s response to stress. When you have a pheochromocytoma, the tumor causes your adrenal glands to produce too many of these hormones, which … Read more
Introduction Cushing Syndrome, also known as hypercortisolism, is a condition where the body has too much of the hormone cortisol. The adrenal glands produce cortisol and help regulate many important functions in the body, including metabolism, blood pressure, and the immune response. When cortisol levels are too high for a long time, it can lead … Read more
Definition Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or the body’s inability to use insulin effectively. Diabetes Mellitus Types Diabetes Mellitus can be broadly categorized into two main types:- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (insulin-dependent) Definition:- An autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system … Read more
Definition Addison’s disease, also called primary adrenal insufficiency, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. The adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, produce hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. These hormones are crucial for many body functions, including stress response, blood pressure regulation, and metabolism. Causes of Addison’s Disease … Read more
Definition Addison’s crisis, also known as an adrenal crisis, is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the adrenal glands cannot produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol. This can happen suddenly or during times of stress, illness, or injury. It requires immediate medical attention. Causes of Addison’s Crisis Insufficient Medication:- Skipping doses or not … Read more
Definition Hyperprolactinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally high level of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain. This hormone helps with breast milk production after childbirth. Causes Hyperprolactinemia can be caused by several factors:- Pituitary Tumors (Prolactinomas):- The tumor … Read more
Definition Hypoprolactinemia is when your body has very low levels of prolactin, a hormone made by the pituitary gland. Prolactin is important for making milk after childbirth and also helps with the immune system and metabolism in both men and women. Pathophysiology Prolactin is made by special cells in the pituitary gland. Its production is … Read more