The Respiratory System The respiratory system is vital for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. It has two main divisions: the Upper Respiratory System (URS) and the Lower Respiratory System (LRS). Functionally, it is divided into the conducting and respiratory portions. Structural Division Upper Respiratory System (URS):- Nose:- Filters, warms, and humidifies the air. Nasal … Read more
Definition Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused primarily by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also involve other organs and tissues (extrapulmonary TB). TB spreads through airborne particles when an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings, releasing droplet nuclei containing the bacteria into the air. Types of … Read more
Definition Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which leads to episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. These symptoms are often triggered by various factors such as allergens, exercise, cold air, or respiratory infections. Pathophysiology Asthma involves chronic inflammation of the airways, which leads … Read more
Definition Atelectasis is the collapse or incomplete expansion of the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange. This condition results in reduced oxygenation of the blood, potentially leading to hypoxemia. Atelectasis can be partial, affecting only a small portion of the lung, or complete, involving an entire lobe or lung. … Read more
Definition Emphysema is a chronic and progressive lung disease characterized by the destruction of alveoli (the small air sacs in the lungs), leading to impaired gas exchange and difficulty in breathing. It is a subtype of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritating particles or gases, such as … Read more
Definition Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a critical condition in which one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot. This blockage can cause severe respiratory and cardiovascular complications. Types 1. Acute Pulmonary Embolism (Acute PE):- Definition:- Acute Pulmonary Embolism (Acute PE) is a sudden blockage in one or more of the … Read more
Anatomy of the Kidney The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs located in the posterior abdominal cavity, responsible for filtering blood, excreting waste, and maintaining the body’s electrolyte balance. Each kidney plays a critical role in the urinary system and overall homeostasis. the kidneys are 2 in number. 1. Location and Position:- Location:- The … Read more
Definition Pneumothorax is a medical condition where air accumulates in the pleural cavity, the space between the two layers of the pleura (the visceral pleura covering the lungs and the parietal pleura lining the chest wall). causing the lung to collapse either partially or completely. The pleural cavity is normally a closed space that contains … Read more
Definition Empyema is a condition where pus collects in the pleural cavity, the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This typically occurs due to an infection spreading from the lungs, leading to the accumulation of infected fluid that becomes encapsulated. Types of Empyema Acute Empyema:- Description:- Occurs rapidly after an infection, typically within … Read more
Definition Pleural effusion is a medical condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity, the space between the two layers of the pleura. The pleura is a thin, double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. Normally, the pleural cavity contains a small amount of fluid (about 10-20 mL) that … Read more