Definition Goiter is a condition where the thyroid gland, located in the neck, becomes enlarged. The thyroid gland is crucial for regulating metabolism, producing hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control how the body uses energy. When the thyroid gland swells, it can lead to noticeable swelling in the neck. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology … Read more
Definition Hyperpituitarism is a condition where the pituitary gland produces too many hormones. The pituitary gland is often called the “master gland. It controls various other glands in the body by releasing hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and reproductive functions. When this gland produces excess hormones, it can lead to various health issues. Pathophysiology The … Read more
Definition Thyroiditis refers to a group of disorders that cause inflammation of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped organ located at the base of the neck, which produces hormones regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall bodily functions. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of thyroiditis involves the inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can … Read more
Definition Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that most often affects young children. It develops from immature nerve cells, called neuroblasts, found in several areas of the body, but it most commonly starts in the adrenal glands above the kidneys. It can also develop in nerve tissues along the spine, chest, abdomen, or pelvis. Pathophysiology … Read more
Definition Conn’s Syndrome, also known as Primary Hyperaldosteronism, is a condition where the adrenal glands make too much aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone that helps control the balance of sodium and potassium in our body. When there is too much aldosterone, it leads to high blood pressure and low potassium levels. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of … Read more
Definition Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder in which the pituitary gland fails to produce one or more of its hormones or doesn’t produce enough of them. The pituitary gland, often called the “master gland,” regulates various body functions through the hormones it releases. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of hypopituitarism involves damage to the pituitary gland or … Read more
Definition Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is a condition where the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH), even when it’s not needed. ADH, also known as vasopressin, helps the kidneys manage water balance. Too much ADH causes the body to hold water, leading to low sodium levels in the blood and concentrated urine. … Read more
Definition Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare condition where the kidneys are unable to conserve water, leading to excessive urination and intense thirst. Unlike diabetes mellitus, it is not related to blood sugar levels but involves a hormone called vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) which helps the kidneys manage the amount of water in the body. … Read more
Introduction Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome (HHNS) are two serious complications of diabetes. Both conditions are characterized by high blood sugar levels, but they have different underlying mechanisms, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Understanding these conditions is crucial for managing and preventing severe outcomes in diabetic patients. Definition of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diabetic … Read more
Introduction Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that forms in the adrenal glands. These glands on top of the kidneys produce hormones, including adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones help control your body’s response to stress. When you have a pheochromocytoma, the tumor causes your adrenal glands to produce too many of these hormones, which … Read more