Overview Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-term, progressive lung disease that causes breathing difficulties by blocking airflow from the lungs. COPD encompasses two primary conditions: emphysema (pink puffers) and chronic bronchitis (blue bloaters). These diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation and structural changes in the lungs, leading to a gradual decline in respiratory … Read more
Definition Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a severe condition characterized by sudden onset respiratory failure due to widespread inflammation in the lungs. This leads to the leakage of fluid into the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs), impairing oxygen exchange and causing life-threatening hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels). Also called Shock lung … Read more
Definition Pneumonia is an acute or chronic inflammation of the lung parenchyma, including the alveoli and interstitial tissue, caused by infection. It leads to the accumulation of fluid, pus, and cellular debris in the alveoli, which impairs gas exchange and results in various respiratory symptoms, including cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Types of Pneumonia:- Pneumonia … Read more
Definition Respiratory failure is a serious condition in which the respiratory system fails to provide adequate oxygen to the body (PaO2 less than 60 mmHg) or remove enough carbon dioxide from the blood (PaCO2 more than 50 mmHg). This can happen due to impaired lung function, weak respiratory muscles, or other underlying health issues. Respiratory … Read more
Definition Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi or nephrolithiasis, are hard deposits composed of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. These stones develop when certain substances in the urine—such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or cystine—become highly concentrated and crystallize. As these crystals grow, they can aggregate to form larger stones. Pathophysiology … Read more
Definition Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a living or deceased donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indications for Kidney Transplantation End-stage renal Disease (ESRD):- When kidney function is severely impaired, often requiring dialysis or transplantation for survival. Chronic … Read more
Definition Renal failure is a condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood effectively. This results in the accumulation of toxins in the body, leading to severe health complications. Types of Renal Failure Acute Renal Failure (ARF):- Definition:- A sudden decline in kidney function, typically occurring … Read more
Definition Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, leading to progressive kidney enlargement and impaired kidney function. Types of PKD Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD):- Overview:- Also known as Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease, ADPKD is the most common type of PKD, responsible for … Read more
Definition Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):- is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract, particularly the bladder (cystitis) and the urethra (urethritis). Cystitis:- Cystitis specifically refers to the inflammation or infection of the bladder, typically caused by bacteria. … Read more
Definition Glomerulonephritis is a group of diseases that cause inflammation of the tiny filtering units in the kidneys known as glomeruli. This inflammation impairs the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. Pathophysiology Immune System Attack:- In glomerulonephritis, the immune system mistakenly targets the glomeruli, leading to inflammation and damage. This … Read more