Definition Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is a condition where the body makes too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH), even when it’s not needed. ADH, also known as vasopressin, helps the kidneys manage water balance. Too much ADH causes the body to hold water, leading to low sodium levels in the blood and concentrated urine. … Read more
Introduction Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, is a life-threatening condition where blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked for long enough to cause damage or death of heart muscle. Definition Myocardial infarction occurs when one or more of the coronary arteries becomes blocked, leading to insufficient blood flow … Read more
Introduction Hypertension is often called the “silent killer” because it typically has no symptoms until it has caused significant damage to the heart and arteries. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, which are leading causes of death globally. Definition Hypertension is defined as a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries … Read more
Definition Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare condition where the kidneys are unable to conserve water, leading to excessive urination and intense thirst. Unlike diabetes mellitus, it is not related to blood sugar levels but involves a hormone called vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) which helps the kidneys manage the amount of water in the body. … Read more
Introduction Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Non-Ketotic Syndrome (HHNS) are two serious complications of diabetes. Both conditions are characterized by high blood sugar levels, but they have different underlying mechanisms, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Understanding these conditions is crucial for managing and preventing severe outcomes in diabetic patients. Definition of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diabetic … Read more
Introduction Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that forms in the adrenal glands. These glands on top of the kidneys produce hormones, including adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These hormones help control your body’s response to stress. When you have a pheochromocytoma, the tumor causes your adrenal glands to produce too many of these hormones, which … Read more
Introduction Cushing Syndrome, also known as hypercortisolism, is a condition where the body has too much of the hormone cortisol. The adrenal glands produce cortisol and help regulate many important functions in the body, including metabolism, blood pressure, and the immune response. When cortisol levels are too high for a long time, it can lead … Read more
Definition Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or the body’s inability to use insulin effectively. Diabetes Mellitus Types Diabetes Mellitus can be broadly categorized into two main types:- Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (insulin-dependent) Definition:- An autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system … Read more
Definition Addison’s disease, also called primary adrenal insufficiency, is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones. The adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, produce hormones like cortisol and aldosterone. These hormones are crucial for many body functions, including stress response, blood pressure regulation, and metabolism. Causes of Addison’s Disease … Read more
Definition Addison’s crisis, also known as an adrenal crisis, is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the adrenal glands cannot produce enough hormones, particularly cortisol. This can happen suddenly or during times of stress, illness, or injury. It requires immediate medical attention. Causes of Addison’s Crisis Insufficient Medication:- Skipping doses or not … Read more