Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi or Nephrolithiasis)
Definition Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi or nephrolithiasis, are hard deposits composed of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. These stones develop when certain substances in the urine—such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or cystine—become highly concentrated and crystallize. As these crystals grow, they can aggregate to form larger stones. Pathophysiology … Read more